Enzymes refer to a type of protein or RNA produced by living organisms that have a catalytic effect. They usually have the characteristics of specificity and high efficiency and can only catalyze one type of substrate. Animals, plants, microorganisms, etc., can all produce enzymes. Therefore, there are more than a thousand kinds of enzymes, but only about 20 are used as enzyme preparations in feed. The role and function of many enzymes still need further research. In-depth research. Since most small and medium-sized farms pay attention to feed additives that directly increase production and income, the knowledge and understanding of additives with complex functions, such as enzyme preparations, still needs to be improved. Therefore, the current application of enzyme preparations in the animal husbandry industry needs to be more widespread.
1.2 Enzyme preparation and its characteristics
The enzyme preparation produced according to the enzymes required for animal digestion and absorption can effectively overcome various problems caused by the lack of enzymes. The current enzyme preparations are divided into the following categories: enzyme preparations acting on sticky grains, enzyme preparations acting on non-sticky grains, microbial phytases, amylases and proteases, and enzyme preparations acting on non-cereals.
Enzymes acting on sticky grains mainly include β-glucanase and xylanase, which can effectively overcome anti-nutritional factors in wheat and barley. Wheat contains a large amount of non-starch polysaccharides, which will not only significantly reduce the nutritional content of grain, resulting in higher feed costs, but also delay the passage of feed through the gastrointestinal tract of the carcass due to the increased viscosity of the meal, raising the possibility of bacterial growth, detrimental to gastrointestinal health of the carcass. Therefore, the effect of the enzyme preparation acting on sticky grains mixed with wheat is very significant.
The enzyme preparation acting on non-sticky grains is mainly active amylase, and the non-sticky grains mainly include sorghum and corn, which are often used as poultry feed in farming. This type of enzyme preparation can be mixed with poultry grain feed to significantly improve poultry’s utilization rate of starch in non-sticky grains.
According to relevant investigations and studies, the utilization efficiency of phytate phosphorus in animal plant feed is extremely low, and the undigested phytate phosphorus is excreted from the body. The phosphorus element will pollute the surrounding environment. The substrate of microbial phytase is phytic acid, which is the central storage place for phosphorus. The application of this enzyme preparation can significantly improve the digestion and utilization efficiency of phytate phosphorus by animals and, at the same time, improve the environment.
Amylase and protease are mainly used in the feed of newly weaned young animals, which can effectively improve the digestion and absorption of adult feed by young animals after weaning and have the effect of improving immunity; non-grain enzyme preparations are used to enhance animal body It plays a vital role in the digestion and absorption of vegetable proteins, such as soybeans.
2 The role of enzyme preparations in improving production performance
2.1 The effect of compound enzyme preparation on the performance of fattening pigs
Studies by Zhen Yanli and others have shown that adding enzyme preparations to the diet of growing and finishing pigs can promote growth, increase feed conversion rate, and increase the apparent digestibility of feed crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber. Drip loss is one of the important criteria to reflect the quality of pork. The level of its index directly affects pork’s taste, taste, and histological state. The smaller the value of drip loss, the higher the hydraulic power of the pork system, and the better the pork quality. Experiments by Li Changxi and others have proved that compound enzyme preparation dramatically reduces the shear force and drip loss of pork, enhances the taste and tenderness of the pork, and can significantly improve the quality of pork.
2.2 The effect of mixed enzyme preparation on the performance of dairy cows
As a typical ruminant, dairy cows mainly digest and absorb the rumen. The rumen contains many microorganisms and probiotics, which can significantly improve the efficiency of feed digestion and utilization of dairy cows. Therefore, the use of microbial enzyme preparations can not only improve the fermentation method of the rumen but also improve the production performance of animals.
Ou Sihai et al. found that adding mixed feed additive enzyme preparation Chuwang GX can effectively increase the feed intake of producing cows, reduce the incidence of postpartum cows, and promote the stability and increase of milk production. It is speculated that the possible mechanism of action is that the enzyme preparation can stimulate the proliferation of microorganisms in the rumen of dairy cows, causing a large amount of ammonia and organic acids to be produced in the rumen, ensuring the micro-ecological balance in the rumen, and increasing the ability of dairy cows to digest cellulose and protein, that is, increasing milk production.
In raising dairy cows, adding mixed enzyme preparations can effectively increase milk production, increase the economic benefits of dairy farms, reduce the number of antibiotics used in dairy farms, and guarantee that dairy farms produce organic, green, and healthy fresh milk.
3 The role of enzyme preparations in improving animal immunity
In the early weaning stage of piglets, their gastrointestinal tract is not yet fully developed and cannot meet the needs of daily digestion of high molecular substances, so they are prone to diarrhea and death; dietary supplements contain compound enzymes such as amylase, protease, and xylanase. The preparation can improve the nutrient digestion and intestinal volatile fatty acid concentration of weaned piglets, reduce the number of intestinal pathogenic bacteria, reduce the probability of diarrhea in piglets, enhance their intestinal immunity, and ensure the healthy growth of piglets.
Studies by Yu Guiyang et al. have shown that adding enzyme preparations to feed can reduce the pH in the rectum of piglets, thereby increasing the content of beneficial bacteria (bifidobacteria and lactobacilli), improving the composition of microbial flora in the rectum of growing pigs, and reducing the pH of piglets. A possible purpose of diarrhea. The test results of Yan Xianfeng and others are the same as those of the predecessors, proving that the addition of enzyme preparations in the essential diet can make up for the deficiency of endogenous digestive enzymes in weaned piglets, eliminate anti-nutritional factors in the feed, improve the utilization rate of nutrients in the diet and improve the immunity of piglets. And reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases.
4 The role of enzyme preparations in improving environmental pollution
Feed enzymes can reduce the viscosity of digesta, thereby improving the efficiency of digestion and utilization of feed by carcasses, especially the digestion and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements, significantly reducing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in feces, effectively reducing the Land pollution; at the same time, it also reduces the proportion of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide emitted by poultry and livestock and reduces the incidence of respiratory diseases.
5 Summary
Enzyme preparations are widely used in the livestock and poultry breeding industry. They can not only fight against anti-nutritional factors, increase the digestion and utilization efficiency of feed by animals, and improve the growth performance of livestock; they can also enhance the intestinal microbial flora of poultry and livestock. The purpose of improving the immunity and survival rate of young animals; at the same time, the improvement of feed utilization also protects the environment to a certain extent, reducing the emission of elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus and the emission of harmful gases. With the development of biotechnology, enzyme preparations will have more incredible benefits and effects on animal husbandry in the future.
References:
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